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Peru FeaturesBeyondWinePeru Wine Guide

The diversity of Peruvian wine and Peru’s grape varieties

by Amanda Barnes
written by Amanda Barnes

Most wines you’ll try from Peru are made with international varieties such as Sauvignon Blanc and Petit Verdot. However Peru has a natural diversity of ancient grape varieties too. In this interview with Peruvian winemaker Pepe Moquillaza, we look at the diversity of Peru’s grape varieties and see which have the most potential

How diverse are Peru’s grape varieties?

South American viticulture was born in the capital of the viceroyalty, in around 1539 to 1540 (Pizarro conquered Cusco in 1535 and the Viceroyalty was created in 1542). There are records of vineyards being sold by 1549.

The diversity of grape varieties in Peru was wide: from the Criolla grapes, such as the Listán Prieto and Negramoll, to a great variety of Moscatels (Muscats) and Albillas. They were used to make table wines, mistelas and Pisco.

In Peru, the only South American mestiza grape was born: Quebranta. It was a cross between Listán Prieto and Negramoll, a grey [pink] grape of great quality and high productivity.

Peru’s genetic bank of grapevines – like Chile’s – is far from the capital: 1000 km south of Lima are the old wine-producing valleys of the south. And this is where we are already organizing the search for classification and registration of the old varieties.

Which grape varieties do you think have the most potential in Peru?

The country is vast and diverse with many different terroirs. There is evidence, however, that the sands of the desert at altitudes below 800 masl are conducive to making quality Quebranta, Mollar and Albilla. These varieties are very comfortable in sandy loam terrains and their strength is the way they have adapted to scarce water [drought conditions].

Peruvian wine, Peru wine guide, Peru's grape varieties
Sandy vineyard in Ica, Peru

There is also evidence that the highest and stoniest vineyards of the south (at more than 1300 metres above sea level) that offer the optimum conditions for the Negra Criolla [Listán Prieto/País/Criolla Chica] and Moscatel (Muscat) vines. They are quite expressive varieties, but the viticulture system used, which is geared towards Pisco production, tends not to bring out the components that are desirable in wine. We need to change the viticultural methods so they are appropriate for wine production in order to really discover these varieties.

The international grape varieties grown today arrived after the Pacific War and have been planted almost exclusively in the valleys of Ica, Cañete and Chincha at moderate altitudes. In the Ica valley, Torrontés (torontel) works well and offers more freshness than the same variety planted in Argentina. Tacama winery has been successful with Tannat, Petit Verdot and Carmenère; and Intipalka with Sauvignon Blanc and Malbec.

In Chincha, there is a coastal Chenin Blanc that is beginning to get noticed, while a Sauvignon Blanc is being made in Apurimac that is soon going to be something to talk about!

I’m on the hunt to plant Pinot Noir and Riesling in a specific terroir too. It’s not my priority at the moment, but I always have my eyes and arms open!

How is your project, Mimo, going in terms of recovering these old varieties of Peru?

During the Pacific War (1879-1883) most of the haciendas located between Nazca, Pisco and Lima were burned down and so most of our oldest genetic material was lost. For this reason, our job is to recover and give value to these varieties – Quebranta and the Pisco varieties. The international varieties are not Peru’s heritage.

I have two small projects: coastal wines in Ihuanco, 4 km from the sea, with Camilo Quintana; and the desert wines in Ica, 40 km from the sea, with Matías Michelini. We only produce natural wines with Pisco grapes; the base has been Quebranta and some co-fermentations with other Pisco grapes.

This year we have vinified Criolla Negra [Listán Prieto/País/Criolla Chica] and Albilla from the Pisco area near the coast (15 km away) plus some pink Moscatels (Muscats). We have just as much faith in Albilla as we do in Quebranta. If you harvest the Pisco grapes early, you get lower terpenes and great natural acidity. With a careful maceration, a beautiful acidity emerges and it doesn’t feel like a dessert wine!

Photo of Pepe Moquillaza (top) taken by Santiago Barco

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criolla pais, criolla grape varieties and a guide to criolla wines in Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, South America
Featured PostsChile FeaturesArgentina Wine GuideArgentina FeaturesFeaturesChile Wine GuidePeru Wine GuideWineBolivia Wine Guide

The ultimate guide to Criolla wines & Criolla grape varieties

by Amanda Barnes
written by Amanda Barnes
What is Criolla
The Criolla Family Tree
Revaluing Criolla
Criolla Wine Production in Numbers
Recommended Criolla Wine Producers

 

If I had to pick just one wine to represent South America, it would be Criolla. Criolla is the foundation on which South American wine was built. It was the Criolla grape varieties that proudly spread throughout the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries and give birth to wine industries and empires stretching from Chile to Mexico.

In the last century, however, Criolla grape varieties have largely been shunned by wine producers and consumers. Although tens of thousands of hectares of Criolla vines are still in existence today, Criolla wines are under the radar of most wine drinkers. But, as some winemakers are beginning to take notice of the potential of Criolla, could Criolla have a new lease of life as the quintessential South American wine?

 

The history of Criolla grape varieties & building fabric of South American wine

First of all, what is Criolla? ‘Criolla’ as a word or concept refers to a person or thing of Spanish-descent, born or developed in the Americas. Music can be Criolla, food can be Criolla, a person can be Criolla and – in this case – grape varieties are Criolla. 

When talking about grapes, Criolla, in fact, refers to a family of grape varieties (although, confusingly, any member of that family can be called Criolla as a singular). There were a handful of first varieties – or founding Vitis vinifera varieties – brought by the Spanish in the mid-1500s when they colonised and started viticulture on the continent. The two most important ones were Moscatel de Alejandria and Listán Prieto. 

During the first hundred years of New World viticulture, these varieties (which were brought from Spain either as sticks or seeds) were the first to be planted, yield grapes and be vinified. Moscatel de Alejandria was joined by Mollar and Palomino as the main white grapes brought from Europe. But it was actually Listán Prieto that proliferated the continent. This variety spread up to the US (where it is called the Mission grape) and down through South America with notable levels of production in Peru (where it is commonly called Negra Criolla), Chile (where it is called País), Bolivia (where it is called Missionera) and in Argentina (where it is called Criolla Chica). The 45+ synonyms give you an idea of its widespread and yet localised nature. In 1833, Listán Prieto is thought to have accounted for over 90% of Chile and Argentina’s vine plantings.

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